Briefly, a fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts chemical energy present in a fuel and an oxidant into electrical energy. The fuel and air are separately fed into the fuel cell, and after a chemical reaction, the electricity is wonderfully produced. It looks like a positive and negative electrode and an electrolyte, like a battery , but in fact it can't "storage electricity" but a "power plant", so it is called a fuel cell. Since there is electricity, as long as the motor is added, can it drive the car? Yes, the power generated by the fuel cell is stored in the lithium-ion battery pack for use as a drive motor for the vehicle's power source. This is the basic working principle of the fuel cell, of course, there are many other equipment, such as energy recovery devices, hydrogen recovery devices.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology is a relatively high-level genre of new energy vehicle technology. This technology genre is characterized by electrochemical reactions that convert hydrogen into oxidized water to directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. The battery pack passes like this. A large number of fuel cells connected in series can generate enough power to drive the car. Mercedes-Benz F800 Style, Audi Q5HFC and Chevrolet Equinox are all new energy vehicles that include this technology.
These hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are usually equipped with four seats, which are spacious and comfortable, and have high security comparable to traditional cars. At the same time, its hydrogen fuel storage device is also very advanced, the device consists of three high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks of 700 bar (1 bar = 0.987 standard atmosphere), the tank body uses carbon fiber composite material, the maximum hydrogen fuel storage capacity At 4.2 kilograms, these fuels are sufficient to support a maximum mileage of 320 kilometers.
The design life of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is 2 years or 80,000 kilometers. Through a series of improvements in thermal insulation and operation schemes, the new hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can be started and operated normally in sub-zero weather conditions. This is also one of its significant advancements over the previous generation, and technically doing so is critical to the promotion of fuel cell vehicles.
Fuel cell vehicles are pollution-free vehicles. The energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells is 2 to 3 times higher than that of internal combustion engines. Therefore, fuel cell vehicles are an ideal vehicle for energy utilization and environmental protection.
Hydrogen fuel for fuel cell vehicles can be obtained in several ways. Some vehicles carry pure hydrogen fuel directly, while others may have fuel reformers that convert hydrocarbon fuels into hydrogen-rich gases.
A single fuel cell must be combined into a fuel cell stack to obtain the necessary power to meet the requirements of the vehicle.
Chevrolet Sequel's power fuel is supplied by a battery power module and a lithium-ion high-performance battery pack. The former has a power of 73 kW, the latter has 115 kW, and the total power reaches 193 kW, which is equivalent to an ordinary 4.50 liter gasoline engine. The lithium-ion high-performance battery pack provides torques of up to 1,740 N•m, which is almost more than the torque of any production model, and it takes only 10 seconds to accelerate from standstill to 100 km/h.
The Peugeot taxi is equipped with a fuel cell. The fuel cell is connected in series, and a nickel-hydrogen rechargeable battery is provided in addition to the fuel cell. The maximum speed is 95km/h, and the battery can travel from 200km to 300km.
The three letters of HFC represent the Hybrid Fuel Cell, a hybrid fuel cell. Two high pressure cylinders can store 3.2 kilograms of hydrogen at a pressure of 700 bar. Low-temperature hydrogen fuel cells can reach 98 kW (133 hp). The lithium ion battery used to help fuel mixing has a capacity of 1.3 kWh. The two motors near the wheel have a maximum power of 90 kW (122 hp) and a maximum torque of 420 Nm. The Audi Q5 HFC can accelerate to 100 km/h in 13.4 seconds with a top speed of 160 km/h. The use of hydrogen is very economical and efficient, and the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells can reach more than 50%.
The Changan Zhixiang fuel cell vehicle is a modified power system on the original Zhixiang model platform. It uses a technology similar to that of a hydrogen fuel engine. The biggest feature is that there is no engine and the car is driven by the motor. However, due to the complexity of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology and the imperfect infrastructure of hydrogen production, transportation and gasification, it is difficult to industrialize in the short term.
Chery's fuel cell sedan model is SQR7000, which is based on the Chery Oriental Son model. The power system architecture uses a hydrogen fuel cell system and a large-capacity power battery. It can be driven in a pure fuel cell electric mode or a fuel cell. Lithium battery mixed mode driving is a mature and advanced fuel car vehicle technology solution in China.
The Pentium hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a new high-tech environmentally friendly fuel cell sedan developed by FAW Pentium based on the Pentium B70 sedan platform and using the fuel cell power system. As a major research and development project of the national “863 Program†and “Energy Saving and New Energy Vehiclesâ€, this model not only achieves the international environmental protection model level in terms of safety, reliability and comfort, but also is the quality of FAW Pentium. A masterpiece.
Since the 1970s, countries such as Japan and the United States have stepped up research on various fuel cells, and have now entered commercial development. Japan has established a 10,000-kilowatt fuel cell power station, and more than 30 manufacturers in the United States are developing fuel cells. More than 20 companies in Germany, Britain, France, Netherlands, Denmark, Italy and Austria have also invested in fuel cell research. This new type of power generation has attracted worldwide attention.
Compared with traditional cars, fuel cell vehicles have the following advantages:
1. Zero or near zero emissions.
2. Reduce water pollution caused by oil leakage.
3. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Improve fuel economy.
5. Improve engine combustion efficiency.
6, stable operation, no noise.
Type of fuel cell
The simple principle of fuel cell is to convert the chemical energy of fuel directly into electric energy without burning. The energy conversion efficiency can reach 60%-80%, and the pollution is small, the noise is small, the device can be large or small, and it is very flexible. At the earliest, this kind of power generation device was small and costly, and it was mainly used for aerospace power supply. Now it has cut prices substantially and gradually turned to ground applications. At present, there are many types of fuel cells, mainly the following:
Phosphate fuel cell
Phosphate fuel cells are the first type of fuel cells, and the process is basically mature. The United States and Japan have built commercial power plants of 4,500 kW and 11,000 kW, respectively. The fuel cell has an operating temperature of 200 ° C, a maximum current density of 150 mA / cm 2 , a power generation efficiency of about 45%, a fuel such as hydrogen and methanol, and an oxidant for air, but the catalyst is a platinum series. The cost is still high, about 40-50 cents per kilowatt hour.
Melt carbonate fuel cell
The molten carbonate fuel cell is generally called the second generation fuel cell, and its operating temperature is about 650 ° C, and the power generation efficiency is about 55%. Mitsubishi Corporation of Japan has built a power plant of 10 kilowatts. The electrolyte of this fuel cell is liquid, and can withstand the presence of carbon monoxide due to its high operating temperature. The fuel can be hydrogen, carbon monoxide, natural gas, and the like. The oxidant uses air. The cost of generating electricity can be less than 40 cents per kilowatt hour.
Solid oxide fuel cell
The solid oxide fuel cell is considered to be a third-generation fuel cell. Its operating temperature is about 1000 °C, and the power generation efficiency can exceed 60%. Currently, many countries are studying it. It is suitable for the construction of large-scale power stations. Westinghouse is developing. It is expected that the power generation cost will be less than 20 cents per kilowatt hour.
In addition, there are several types of fuel cells, such as alkaline fuel cells, operating at temperatures of about 200 ° C, power generation efficiency of up to 60%, and without the use of precious metals as a catalyst, Sweden has developed a 200 kW device for submarines. The first small fuel cell used in the United States for the Apollo spacecraft is called the American type. It is an ion exchange membrane fuel cell. It has a power generation efficiency of up to 75% and an operating temperature of less than 100 ° C, but pure oxygen must be used as an oxidant. Later, the United States developed a fuel cell for a hydrogen-powered car. It can travel 300 kilometers with a single charge of hydrogen and can reach a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. This is a reversible proton exchange membrane fuel cell with a power generation efficiency of up to 80%.
The ideal fuel for a fuel cell is hydrogen because it is the reverse reaction of electrolysis to produce hydrogen. The main use of fuel cells is particularly suitable for mobile power and the power of vehicles and ships, in addition to the establishment of fixed power stations.
China's fuel cell electric vehicle standard system
I. Establishment of China's fuel cell electric vehicle standard system
In the early days of the 10th Five-Year Plan, China carried out research on the standard system of fuel cell electric vehicles.
As a guideline for standard setting, the fuel cell electric vehicle standard system table is the specification for the development of fuel cell electric vehicle standards. The system table not only reflects the structure, technical connotation and development direction of the product, but also plays an important guiding role in the establishment of science and technology development and standard setting plans. Therefore, the fuel cell electric vehicle standard system table preparation principle has the following aspects.
1. Determine the location of fuel cell electric vehicles in the automotive standard system. Fuel cell electric vehicles are themselves a type of car and cannot be independent of traditional cars. Therefore, it must meet the relevant standards of traditional vehicles, while also meeting the unique standards required for fuel cell electric vehicles.
2. Determine the unique structure and system of the fuel cell electric vehicle to determine the items in the standard system.
3. Determine the commonalities and characteristics of pure electric vehicles , hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. If there is a common requirement, consider sharing a standard; if it is unique, the standard items are listed separately in the system table. In this way, the standard project is guaranteed to be complete, and the waste of manpower and financial resources in the standard quantity and standard setting process can be reduced.
4. Refer to the existing foreign fuel cell electric vehicle standard project, combined with the actual needs of China's fuel cell electric vehicle development, the standard project is as complete as possible. Some of the items in the system table are supporting standards that are compatible with China's fuel cell electric vehicle industrialization development policy and China's unique standards, such as: fuel cell electric vehicle stereotype test procedures.
5. The standard system table is dynamic. The system is now considering the urgent needs and long-term standard requirements. With the continuous development of technology, standard projects should be properly adjusted.
6. The fuel cell electric vehicle standard system table is compatible with the development goals of China's fuel cell electric vehicle products.
The standard system includes the terminology, test methods, technical conditions of the fuel cell electric vehicle product itself, and relevant standards for ensuring the normal, convenient and safe operation of the fuel cell electric vehicle, such as: fuel cell electric vehicle, vehicle hydrogen system, Hydrogen fuel, hydrogen refueling station, hydrogenation machine, fuel cell system, etc. At the same time, the standard system of fuel cell electric vehicles also involves management standards, product certification, enterprise certification, and qualifications of employees of fuel cell electric vehicles.
Second, China's fuel cell electric vehicle related standards
1. Overview
The National Automotive Standardization Technical Committee Electric Vehicle Subcommittee considers the performance, safety, and interchangeability of interface components. Work is currently underway in the following areas.
(1) Research on general basic standards for fuel cell electric vehicles. For example, the terminology standard covers the whole vehicle, accessory parts, other key components, and infrastructure interfaces.
(2) Research on fuel cell electric vehicle safety projects. For example, the general safety requirements of fuel cell electric vehicles, the main contents: safety requirements of vehicle energy devices, operational safety requirements, leakage and personnel protection against electric shock. Fuel cell electric vehicle fuel system safety requirements provide standard specifications for systems that store or process fuel or other hazardous materials, primarily for fuel storage devices, fuel processing processes, fuel cell stacks, and the like.
(3) Research on interchangeability standards. For example, fuel cell electric vehicle hydrogenation port, the main content is hydrogenation port interchangeability, safety, communication, type, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules. In view of the fact that there is no liquid hydrogen in the country, only gaseous hydrogen is used as the working medium, the working pressure is 35 MPa, and the working environment temperature is -40. C~60. C fuel cell electric vehicle hydrogenation port.
(4) Research on the power and energy consumption of fuel cell electric vehicles. Power mainly includes acceleration performance, maximum speed and so on. The energy consumption test method will consider the following aspects according to the current domestic situation: the current method, the hydrogen consumption is calculated by measuring the output current of the fuel cell stack, because the fuel cell forms a current through the flow of hydrogen ions, so the current can be used. The value is used to determine the hydrogen consumption; the pressure method calculates the hydrogen consumption by measuring the gas pressure and temperature in the high pressure hydrogen storage tank before and after the test. The measured pressure and temperature values ​​were determined by calculating the change in the amount of gas molecules in the storage tank; the gravimetric method was used to obtain the hydrogen consumption by measuring the weight of the high pressure fuel tank before and after the test. The test fuel tank should be suitable for measuring the weight; the flow method is used to measure the hydrogen supplied to the fuel cell electric vehicle and the consumed hydrogen.
(5) Demonstration of technical specifications for fuel cell electric vehicles.
Vehicle networking electric vehicle technology
This technology combines the two technologies of electrification and car networking, which is almost the latest solution for personal transportation in the future city. The same EN-V concept car, which will also be displayed at the Expo Park and Beijing Auto Show (microblogging), uses this technology.
The vehicle networking technology, which integrates global positioning system navigation technology, vehicle-to-vehicle communication technology, wireless communication and remote sensing technology, has established a new direction of automotive technology development, achieving compatibility between manual driving and automatic driving.
These electric vehicles are small in size and convenient to move. The left and right wheels of the electric vehicle are driven by their respective electric motors. The motor power is provided by a lithium battery. It can be charged by ordinary household power supply. After each full charge, it can travel for 40 kilometers, completely achieving zero emissions. At the same time, information exchange with the power grid can be carried out to select the optimal charging time and fully improve the efficiency of the utility power infrastructure.
A major breakthrough in this new automotive technology is the automatic use of technologies such as lane change warning, blind zone detection and adaptive cruise control.
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