Clenbuterol, as its name implies, is a drug that can be used to increase lean meat. Its scientific name is Clen butero (CLB) and its chemical name is 2-(tert-butylamino) methyl. "4-Amino-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol hydrochloride," a compound derived from natural catecholamines, was a major component of antiasthmatic drugs such as Amane and Streptozotocin. The main mechanism of action is as a potent agonist that selectively acts on the adrenergic receptors of the adrenergic gland, acts on the adenosine cyclase (cAMP), increases the amount of cyclophosphamide, enhances lipolysis, and promotes protein synthesis. Synthesis, to achieve the redistribution of animal nutrition, it is also known as lean meat "growth promoter (growthpromotef)" and nutrition "partitioning agent (partitioning agent)."
First, the discovery and application of lean meat
In the early 1980s, researchers from American Amine Corporation unexpectedly discovered that adding a certain amount of clenbuterol to feed can change the metabolic pathway of nutrients and promote the synthesis of animal muscles, especially skeletal muscle proteins. , At the same time have a certain inhibition on fat synthesis, which can promote animal growth, increase lean meat percentage, and according to a certain test, if you add appropriate amount of clenbuterol hydrochloride in feed, you can improve feed conversion rate, growth rate The lean meat percentage of the purchaser is more than 10%. Therefore, at that time, it was considered to be a rare feed additive and it was widely applied around the world. In the late 1980s, China also carried out R&D experiments and promotion tests in colleges and universities and research institutes. Prove its effect is very obvious, and clenbuterol hydrochloride is referred to as clenbuterol. Although this kind of feed additive has not been recognized by the competent authorities of the country, but driven by interests, feed processing companies and farmers in many areas of our country have begun to promote the application.
Second, clenbuterol poisoning incident
The first case of poisoning caused by it occurred in Spain. It was reported that in 1990, 135 people in 43 families in Spain had food poisoning after eating beef liver fed with lean meat; in China, the earliest cases of clenbuterol poisoning occurred in China. Occurred in Hong Kong. In May 1998, 17 residents in Hong Kong were poisoned due to consumption of the pig's internal organs. At the same time, People's Hospital of Gaoming City, Guangdong Province also received 7 cases of patients poisoned by pig lung soup during the week. . Since then, incidents of poisoning by feeding lean meat to animal products have continued to occur throughout the world. On October 6, 1999, 57 people in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province were poisoned; on April 14, 2000, 30 people in Longhua Town, Boluo County, Guangdong Province were poisoned; on October 9, 2000, 57 people were poisoned in Hong Kong; 2001 On November 7, a large-scale poisoning incident occurred in Heyuan, Guangdong, and 747 people were poisoned. This has led to the study and attention of people on the lean meat toxicity.
Third, the toxicity of lean meat
A large number of test results have confirmed that the toxicity of clenbuterol is not very strong, but because of its long half-maturity, slow metabolism in the body and other reasons, the body's tolerance to it is very small, when treatment medication are also very cautious, generally Oral dosage should be within 20 to 40 pg. Excessive use or drug use may cause muscle tremors, palpitations, tremors, headaches, nausea, and vomiting, especially with high blood pressure. Patients with heart disease, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, and anterior septal hypertrophy are more at risk of harm and may even die. In production, some illegal producers add feed to finishing pigs (above 60 to 70 kg) and use them before slaughter. As the clenbuterol hydrochloride feed concentration is more than 10 times the therapeutic dose, the withdrawal period is short (if the withdrawal of the drug leads to weakened receptor regulation, fat is subsiding in the subcutaneous and visceral accumulation, the lean meat rate decreases), and its chemical structure It is relatively stable, so the residue is large, mainly in the liver, lungs and other internal organs. In addition, the lean meat can tolerate high temperatures of 100°C, and can only be halved when fried at 126°C for 5 minutes. Conventional cooking has no destructive effect on the presence of lean meat in meat. Human poisoning occurs after human consumption.
IV. Industry ban on lean meat
Since 1986, developed countries such as Europe and the United States have banned the use of clenbuterol in animal husbandry production and established the maximum residue limit in animal products with the World Health Organization, which is 0 in meat, liver, kidney, fat, and milk, respectively. .2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.05 μg/kg. The Chinese government has been improving feed regulations and prohibiting the abuse of antibiotics and feed additives in feeds as an important measure to guarantee the healthy and stable growth of the feed industry and safeguard people's lives and health. In March 1997, the Ministry of Agriculture banned the use of public adrenergic agonists in animal production with [Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (1997) No. 3 Civilization Order]. In addition, in April 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Drug Administration jointly issued the “Emergency Circular on the Investigation, Production, Sales, and Use of Drugs such as Clenbuterol Hydrochlorideâ€; however, the illegal use at home and abroad is still very serious.
V. Problems in the Censorship of Clenbuterol in China
1. The responsibility of the competent department is unclear, and the distribution of responsibility is unreasonable. The production, operation and use of illicit drugs involves many aspects of many people. The current law does not specify who is responsible for the work or who is responsible for it. In the process of actual investigation and handling, each member of the management team is evasive. At present, there is a close connection between feeders and slaughter, processing, and sales. Once a poisoning event occurs, farmers need to bear the economic and legal responsibility for the consequences of adding “lean meat essence†until they are investigated for criminal responsibility. This is The self-inflicted result and the crime deserved due to the joint responsibility of slaughterhouses and meat traders. Therefore, it is far from enough to prevent the abuse of lean meat.
2. The aquaculture producers are mercenary and the source of production of lean meat is difficult to trace. Most aquaculture producers are aware of the dangers of using clenbuterol and therefore refuse to use clenbuterol, but there are still a few farms that are taking the risk and committing crimes in pursuit of current interests. At the same time, as the state banned the increase of lean meat energies, some unscrupulous traders’ production and sales methods have become increasingly sophisticated and secretive. They sell their products at home, leave no name, and do not leave an address. What is more, they even enter into offensive and defensive alliances with farmers and allow them to breed. The household inherits all the economic losses caused by poisoning, so when the household is investigated and dealt with, the farmers do not cooperate and the source tracing cannot be implemented.
3. Inspection time is too long. The clenbuterol enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in swine urine is a routine rapid screening test for residual clenbuterol in swine urine. The cost of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit is expensive, and the domestic quality is still unacceptable. German-made kits are generally used. Need 3000 ~ 4,000 yuan, it is impossible to do only one sample when doing the sample, generally a batch of nearly 40 pig urine samples to do together, the fastest also 1 to 2 days. The determination of residues of other animal tissues such as pork liver and pork is generally not performed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (about 1.5 million yuan per instrument for the left sentence, but measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A batch of samples takes 2 to 3 weeks. (This standard has not been formally announced yet.) The “clenbuterol†residue in feed is measured by HPLC, and one sample can take 1-2 days at the fastest, and the same batch of pork and pig liver sampled have already become people. The belly of something.
4. The study and detection of bacterial resistance caused by the abuse of lean lean substance is still not in place, and no practical method can be adopted for supervision. At present, there is no uniform, effective, and rapid method for detecting illicit drugs in China, resulting in incomparable test results. At the same time, most grassroots testing institutions lack the necessary testing equipment and do not have the ability to quickly detect illicit drugs. Therefore, it is difficult to carry out inspections on lean meat.
Sixth, the research progress of the "Clenbuterol" detection method
At present, there are four main methods for the detection of Clenbuterol, namely high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), capillary zone electrophoresis (CE), and immunoassay (IA). In China, in conjunction with its actual situation, in 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture first organized the establishment of a standardized standard for the determination of clenbuterol in feed. Two criteria have been selected for this standard: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among them, the HPLC method is a semi-confirmed method for the detection of lean meat sperm. The minimum detection limit is 0.05 μg/kg. The advantage is that the detection accuracy is high and the false positive rate is low. The disadvantage is that the detection process is cumbersome and the detection time is long. Valuable equipment, difficult to operate, and expensive. The advantage of the GC-MS method is that it can perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on a specific residue in the presence of multiple residues. Compared with HPLC method, GC-MS method has higher detection sensitivity and lower false positive rate. GC-MS has been stipulated as the confirmatory method for the detection of lean meat. The disadvantages of the GC-MS method are similar to HPLC.
First, the discovery and application of lean meat
In the early 1980s, researchers from American Amine Corporation unexpectedly discovered that adding a certain amount of clenbuterol to feed can change the metabolic pathway of nutrients and promote the synthesis of animal muscles, especially skeletal muscle proteins. , At the same time have a certain inhibition on fat synthesis, which can promote animal growth, increase lean meat percentage, and according to a certain test, if you add appropriate amount of clenbuterol hydrochloride in feed, you can improve feed conversion rate, growth rate The lean meat percentage of the purchaser is more than 10%. Therefore, at that time, it was considered to be a rare feed additive and it was widely applied around the world. In the late 1980s, China also carried out R&D experiments and promotion tests in colleges and universities and research institutes. Prove its effect is very obvious, and clenbuterol hydrochloride is referred to as clenbuterol. Although this kind of feed additive has not been recognized by the competent authorities of the country, but driven by interests, feed processing companies and farmers in many areas of our country have begun to promote the application.
Second, clenbuterol poisoning incident
The first case of poisoning caused by it occurred in Spain. It was reported that in 1990, 135 people in 43 families in Spain had food poisoning after eating beef liver fed with lean meat; in China, the earliest cases of clenbuterol poisoning occurred in China. Occurred in Hong Kong. In May 1998, 17 residents in Hong Kong were poisoned due to consumption of the pig's internal organs. At the same time, People's Hospital of Gaoming City, Guangdong Province also received 7 cases of patients poisoned by pig lung soup during the week. . Since then, incidents of poisoning by feeding lean meat to animal products have continued to occur throughout the world. On October 6, 1999, 57 people in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province were poisoned; on April 14, 2000, 30 people in Longhua Town, Boluo County, Guangdong Province were poisoned; on October 9, 2000, 57 people were poisoned in Hong Kong; 2001 On November 7, a large-scale poisoning incident occurred in Heyuan, Guangdong, and 747 people were poisoned. This has led to the study and attention of people on the lean meat toxicity.
Third, the toxicity of lean meat
A large number of test results have confirmed that the toxicity of clenbuterol is not very strong, but because of its long half-maturity, slow metabolism in the body and other reasons, the body's tolerance to it is very small, when treatment medication are also very cautious, generally Oral dosage should be within 20 to 40 pg. Excessive use or drug use may cause muscle tremors, palpitations, tremors, headaches, nausea, and vomiting, especially with high blood pressure. Patients with heart disease, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, and anterior septal hypertrophy are more at risk of harm and may even die. In production, some illegal producers add feed to finishing pigs (above 60 to 70 kg) and use them before slaughter. As the clenbuterol hydrochloride feed concentration is more than 10 times the therapeutic dose, the withdrawal period is short (if the withdrawal of the drug leads to weakened receptor regulation, fat is subsiding in the subcutaneous and visceral accumulation, the lean meat rate decreases), and its chemical structure It is relatively stable, so the residue is large, mainly in the liver, lungs and other internal organs. In addition, the lean meat can tolerate high temperatures of 100°C, and can only be halved when fried at 126°C for 5 minutes. Conventional cooking has no destructive effect on the presence of lean meat in meat. Human poisoning occurs after human consumption.
IV. Industry ban on lean meat
Since 1986, developed countries such as Europe and the United States have banned the use of clenbuterol in animal husbandry production and established the maximum residue limit in animal products with the World Health Organization, which is 0 in meat, liver, kidney, fat, and milk, respectively. .2, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.05 μg/kg. The Chinese government has been improving feed regulations and prohibiting the abuse of antibiotics and feed additives in feeds as an important measure to guarantee the healthy and stable growth of the feed industry and safeguard people's lives and health. In March 1997, the Ministry of Agriculture banned the use of public adrenergic agonists in animal production with [Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (1997) No. 3 Civilization Order]. In addition, in April 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Drug Administration jointly issued the “Emergency Circular on the Investigation, Production, Sales, and Use of Drugs such as Clenbuterol Hydrochlorideâ€; however, the illegal use at home and abroad is still very serious.
V. Problems in the Censorship of Clenbuterol in China
1. The responsibility of the competent department is unclear, and the distribution of responsibility is unreasonable. The production, operation and use of illicit drugs involves many aspects of many people. The current law does not specify who is responsible for the work or who is responsible for it. In the process of actual investigation and handling, each member of the management team is evasive. At present, there is a close connection between feeders and slaughter, processing, and sales. Once a poisoning event occurs, farmers need to bear the economic and legal responsibility for the consequences of adding “lean meat essence†until they are investigated for criminal responsibility. This is The self-inflicted result and the crime deserved due to the joint responsibility of slaughterhouses and meat traders. Therefore, it is far from enough to prevent the abuse of lean meat.
2. The aquaculture producers are mercenary and the source of production of lean meat is difficult to trace. Most aquaculture producers are aware of the dangers of using clenbuterol and therefore refuse to use clenbuterol, but there are still a few farms that are taking the risk and committing crimes in pursuit of current interests. At the same time, as the state banned the increase of lean meat energies, some unscrupulous traders’ production and sales methods have become increasingly sophisticated and secretive. They sell their products at home, leave no name, and do not leave an address. What is more, they even enter into offensive and defensive alliances with farmers and allow them to breed. The household inherits all the economic losses caused by poisoning, so when the household is investigated and dealt with, the farmers do not cooperate and the source tracing cannot be implemented.
3. Inspection time is too long. The clenbuterol enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in swine urine is a routine rapid screening test for residual clenbuterol in swine urine. The cost of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit is expensive, and the domestic quality is still unacceptable. German-made kits are generally used. Need 3000 ~ 4,000 yuan, it is impossible to do only one sample when doing the sample, generally a batch of nearly 40 pig urine samples to do together, the fastest also 1 to 2 days. The determination of residues of other animal tissues such as pork liver and pork is generally not performed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (about 1.5 million yuan per instrument for the left sentence, but measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A batch of samples takes 2 to 3 weeks. (This standard has not been formally announced yet.) The “clenbuterol†residue in feed is measured by HPLC, and one sample can take 1-2 days at the fastest, and the same batch of pork and pig liver sampled have already become people. The belly of something.
4. The study and detection of bacterial resistance caused by the abuse of lean lean substance is still not in place, and no practical method can be adopted for supervision. At present, there is no uniform, effective, and rapid method for detecting illicit drugs in China, resulting in incomparable test results. At the same time, most grassroots testing institutions lack the necessary testing equipment and do not have the ability to quickly detect illicit drugs. Therefore, it is difficult to carry out inspections on lean meat.
Sixth, the research progress of the "Clenbuterol" detection method
At present, there are four main methods for the detection of Clenbuterol, namely high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), capillary zone electrophoresis (CE), and immunoassay (IA). In China, in conjunction with its actual situation, in 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture first organized the establishment of a standardized standard for the determination of clenbuterol in feed. Two criteria have been selected for this standard: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among them, the HPLC method is a semi-confirmed method for the detection of lean meat sperm. The minimum detection limit is 0.05 μg/kg. The advantage is that the detection accuracy is high and the false positive rate is low. The disadvantage is that the detection process is cumbersome and the detection time is long. Valuable equipment, difficult to operate, and expensive. The advantage of the GC-MS method is that it can perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on a specific residue in the presence of multiple residues. Compared with HPLC method, GC-MS method has higher detection sensitivity and lower false positive rate. GC-MS has been stipulated as the confirmatory method for the detection of lean meat. The disadvantages of the GC-MS method are similar to HPLC.
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