Comprehensive comparison of five modes of transportation

The tools for transportation are mainly vehicles, ships, airplanes, and pipelines. Corresponding modes of transportation include railways, highways, aviation, waterways, and pipeline transportation.

1. The advantages and disadvantages of railway transportation

From the perspective of technical performance, the advantages of rail transport are:

(1) The speed is fast, the speed is generally 80 to 120 kilometers;

(2) The transportation capacity is large. Generally, each passenger train can carry about 1800 passengers per train, one truck can hold 2,000 to 3,500 tons of cargo, and a heavy-haul train can hold more than 20,000 tons of cargo; the maximum single-line annual cargo transportation capacity is 18 million tons. The number of double tracks reached 55 million tons. In countries with a better running organization, the single-line one-way annual maximum cargo transport capacity reached 40 million tons, and the one-year annual maximum cargo transport capacity of double-track lines exceeded 100 million tons;

(3) The railway transportation process is less constrained by natural conditions and has strong continuity, and can guarantee the operation of the whole year;

(4) The general performance is good. It can transport customers and transport all kinds of different goods.

(5) The accuracy of train passenger and freight transport to the time of delivery is high;

(6) The train is relatively stable, safe and reliable;

(7) The average haul distance is 25 times that of road transport, which is 1.15 times that of pipeline transportation, but it is less than half of waterway transportation and less than 1/3 of civil aviation transportation.

From the perspective of economic indicators, the advantages of rail transport include:

(1) The cost of railway transportation is relatively low. In 1981, the cost of railway transportation in China was 1/11 to 1/17 of the cost of automobile transportation, and 1/97 to 1/267 of the cost of civil aviation transportation.

(2) The energy consumption is low. The standard fuel consumption per kilo-ton-km is 1/11 to 1/15 of the automobile transportation, which is 1/174 of the civil aviation transportation. However, these two indicators are higher than the coastal and inland water transportation.

The disadvantages of rail transport are:

(1) The investment is too high, the single-lane railway cost between 100 and 3 million yuan per kilometer, and the double-line railway cost between 400 and 5 million yuan;

(2) The construction period is long. A trunk line needs to be built for 5 to 10 years. Moreover, it will occupy too much land and will increase the burden on the society as the population grows.

Therefore, considering comprehensively, the railway is suitable for the transportation of general cargo and special cargoes with long-term, large-capacity, time-critical and high-reliability requirements in inland areas; from the perspective of investment results, it is found in areas with large transport volume. It is reasonable to build a railway between.

2, the advantages and disadvantages of water transport

From the perspective of technical performance, the advantages of land and water transportation are:

(1) Large transport capacity. Among the five modes of transport, waterway transport has the largest capacity. On the Yangtze River, the capacity of a tow barge or top barge fleet has exceeded 10,000 tons, and the largest foreign barge fleet has a carrying capacity of 30,000 to 40,000 tons. The world's largest tanker has exceeded 500,000 tons;

(2) In the fair shipping conditions, the ability to pass is almost unlimited.

(3) The general performance of land and water transportation is also good. It can transport passengers as well as goods, and can transport all kinds of goods, especially large cargoes.

From the perspective of economic and technical indicators, the advantages of land and water transportation are:

(1) Water transport construction investment provinces, waterway transportation only need to use natural water resources such as rivers, lakes and seas, in addition to the need to invest in the purchase of ships, the construction of the port, the coastal navigation channel almost no investment, the regulation of waterways is only one of the railway construction costs. /3~l/5;

(2) Low transportation costs, China's cost of coastal transportation is only 40% of the railway, the cost of coastal transportation in the United States is only 1/8 of that of railway transportation, and the cost of transportation on the trunk line of the Yangtze River is only 84% of that of railway transportation, while the transportation cost of the mainstream of the Mississippi River in the US is only railway. 1/3 to l/4 of transportation;

(3) The productivity of labor is high, and the labor productivity of coastal transportation is 6.4 times that of railway transportation, and the labor productivity of the trunk transportation of the Yangtze River is 1.26 times that of railway transportation;

(4) The average transport distance is long, and the average transport distance of water and land transport is 2.3 times that of railway transport, 59 times of road transport, 2.7 times of pipeline transportation, and 68% of civil aviation transport;

(5)Ocean transport occupies a uniquely important position in China's foreign economic trade. Over 90% of China's foreign trade goods use ocean transportation, which is a strong pillar for the development of international trade. In wartime, it can enhance national defense capabilities. This is any other mode of transport. Can not be replaced.

The main disadvantages of water transport are:

(1) Affected by natural conditions, inland waterway and certain ports are affected by seasons. In winter, it is frozen and the water level in dry seasons is low, which makes it difficult to guarantee the year's navigation.

(2) The speed of delivery is slow, and there are many goods on the way, which will increase the amount of liquidity owned by the owner.

In short, the comprehensive advantages of waterway transportation are more prominent, and it is suitable for the transport of various bulk materials with long transportation distance, large traffic volume and less timeliness.

3, the advantages and disadvantages of road transport

The advantages of road transport are:

(1) Maneuverable and flexible, with low loss of goods and fast delivery, enabling door-to-door transport;

(2) With less investment, materials and technologies for road construction are relatively easy to solve, and they are widely developed in the society. It can be said that it is the biggest advantage of road transport.

The main disadvantages of road transport are:

(1) The transportation capacity is small. Every ordinary truck can only transport 5 tons of goods at a time. A long-distance bus can send 50 passengers, which is only equivalent to 1/30 to 1/36 of an ordinary passenger train.

(2) The transportation energy consumption is very high, which is 10.6 to 15.1 times of the energy consumption of railway transportation, 11.2 to 15.9 times of the energy consumption of coastal transportation, 113.5 to 19.1 times of inland water transportation, and 4.8 to 6.9 of energy consumption of pipeline transportation. Times, but lower than civil aviation energy consumption, only 6% to 87% of civil aviation transport;

(3) The transportation costs are high, which are 11.1 to 17.5 times that of railway transportation, 27.7 to 43.6 times that of coastal transportation, 13.7 to 21.5 times that of pipeline transportation, but lower than civil aviation transportation costs, and only 6.1% to 9.6 of civil aviation transportation. %;

(4) Labor productivity is low, only 10.6% of rail transport, 1.5% of coastal transport, 7.5% of inland water transport, but higher labor productivity than civil aviation transport, which is 3 times that of civil aviation transport; in addition, due to the small size of cars, It is not possible to transport large items of goods and it is not suitable for the transport of bulk and long-distance goods. The road construction covers a large area, and as the population grows, the contradiction of occupying more land will be more prominent.

Therefore, road transport is more suitable for transporting short-distance passengers and cargoes in inland areas. Therefore, it can be combined with railways and waterways to collect passengers and materials for railroads and ports, and can transport passengers and goods into mountainous regions and remote rural areas. The area far from the railway is engaged in trunk transportation.

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Civil Aviation Transportation

The advantages of civil aviation transportation are:

(1) The operating speed is fast, generally around 800~900 km/hour, which greatly shortens the distance between the two places;

(2) With good maneuverability, it can almost fly over various natural obstacles and reach places where other modes of transportation are difficult to reach.

The disadvantages are: high aircraft cost, high energy consumption, small transport capacity, high cost, and complicated technology. Therefore, it is only suitable for the transportation of long-distance passengers and the transport of goods such as small, high value materials, fresh products and mail.

5, the advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transportation

Pipeline transportation is developed with the increase of oil and natural gas production. It has now become the main mode of transportation for land oil and gas transportation. In recent years, pipelines for transporting solid materials, such as coal transportation and concentrating ore pipelines, have also been very large. development of.

The advantages of pipeline transportation are:

(1) Large volume of transportation. A foreign coal-conveying pipeline with a diameter of 720 mm can transport 20 million tons of coal in a year, which is almost equivalent to the single-direction transmission capacity of a single-track railway;

(2) The volume of transport projects is small and the area is small. Pipeline transportation only requires the laying of pipelines and the construction of pumping stations. The amount of earthwork works is much smaller than that of railways. And most of the plains are buried underneath and do not occupy farmland;

(3) Low energy consumption, which is the lowest among various transportation methods;

(4) safe, reliable, non-polluting, low cost;

(5) It can be transported all weather without being affected by climate, and the reliability of delivery of goods is high.

(6) The pipeline can take short cuts, and the transportation distance is short;

(7) Closed transportation can be achieved with little loss.

The disadvantages of pipeline transportation are:

(1) It has strong specificity and can only transport petroleum, natural gas and solid slurry (such as coal), but it has a fixed and reliable market in the areas it occupies;

(2) There is a small gap between the amount of pipelines to be transported and the maximum amount of transport. Therefore, in the early stage of oilfield development, when the use of pipelines is difficult, roads, railways, and land and water transportation must also be used as transitions.